Jan Bartek – AncientPages.com – <\/b>Techniques developed to analyze the ripples in spacetime detected by one of the 21st century\u2019s most sensitive pieces of scientific equipment have helped cast new light on the function of the oldest known analog computer.<\/p>\n
Astronomers from the University of Glasgow have used statistical modeling techniques developed to analyze gravitational waves to establish the likely number of holes in one of the broken rings of the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient artifact showcased in the movie Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny.<\/p>\n
While the movie version enabled the intrepid archaeologist to travel through time, the Glasgow team\u2019s results provide fresh evidence that one of the components of the Antikythera mechanism was most likely used to track the Greek lunar year. They also offer new insight into the remarkable craftsmanship of the ancient Greeks. Decades of subsequent research and analysis have established that the mechanism dates from the second century BCE and functioned as a hand-operated mechanical computer. Exterior dials connected to the internal gears allowed users to predict eclipses and calculate the astronomical positions of planets on any given date with an accuracy unparalleled by any other known contemporary device.<\/p>\n In 2020, new X-ray images of one of the mechanism\u2019s rings, known as the calendar ring, revealed fresh details of regularly spaced holes beneath the ring. Since the ring was broken and incomplete, however, it wasn\u2019t clear how just how many holes were there originally. Initial analysis by Antikythera researcher Chris Budiselic and colleagues suggested it was likely somewhere between 347 and 367.<\/p>\n Now, in a new paper published today in the Horological Journal, the Glasgow researchers describe how they used two statistical analysis techniques to reveal new details about the calendar ring. They show that the ring is vastly more likely to have had 354 holes, corresponding to the lunar calendar, than 365 holes, which would have followed the Egyptian calendar. The analysis also shows that 354 holes is hundreds of times more probable than a 360-hole ring, which previous research had suggested as a possible count.<\/p>\n \u201cTowards the end of last year, a colleague pointed to me to data acquired by YouTuber Chris Budiselic, who was looking to make a replica of the calendar ring and was investigating ways to determine just how many holes it contained,” Professor Graham Woan, of the University of Glasgow\u2019s School of Physics & Astronomy,\u00a0 who is one of the authors of the paper said in a press release<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cIt struck me as an interesting problem, and one that I thought I might be able to solve in a different way during the Christmas holidays, so I set about using some statistical techniques to answer the question.\u201d<\/p>\n Professor Woan used a technique called Bayesian analysis, which uses probability to quantify uncertainty based on incomplete data, to calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism using the positions of the surviving holes and the placement of the ring\u2019s surviving six fragments. His results showed strong evidence that the mechanism\u2019s calendar ring contained either 354 or 355 holes.<\/p>\n At the same time, one of Professor Woan\u2019s colleagues at the University\u2019s Institute for Gravitational Research, Dr Joseph Bayley, had also heard about the problem. He adapted techniques used by their research group to analyze the signals picked up by the LIGO gravitational wave detectors, which measure the tiny ripples in spacetime caused by massive astronomical events like the collision of black holes as they pass through the Earth, to scrutinize the calendar ring.<\/p>\n The Markov Chain Monte Carlo and nested sampling methods Woan and Bayley used provided a comprehensive probabilistic set of results, again suggesting that the ring most likely contained 354 or 355 holes in a circle of radius 77.1mm, with an uncertainty of about 1\/3 mm. It also reveals that the holes were precisely positioned with extraordinary accuracy, with an average radial variation of just 0.028mm between each hole.<\/p>\n The Antikythera. Credit: Glasgow University<\/em><\/p>\n Bayley, a co-author of the paper, is a research associate at the School of Physics & Astronomy. He said: \u201cPrevious studies had suggested that the calendar ring was likely to have tracked the lunar calendar, but the dual techniques we\u2019ve applied in this work greatly increase the likelihood that this was the case.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s given me a new appreciation for the Antikythera mechanism and the work and care that Greek craftspeople put into making it \u2013 the precision of the holes\u2019 positioning would have required highly accurate measurement techniques and an incredibly steady hand to punch them.<\/p>\n Professor Woan added: \u201cIt\u2019s a neat symmetry that we\u2019ve adapted techniques we use to study the universe today to understand more about a mechanism that helped people keep track of the heavens nearly two millennia ago.<\/p>\n \u201cWe hope that our findings about the Antikythera mechanism, although less supernaturally spectacular than those made by Indiana Jones, will help deepen our understanding of how this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks.\u201d<\/p>\n The study was published in Horological Journal<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n Written by\u00a0Jan Bartek – AncientPages.com<\/strong>\u00a0Staff Writer<\/p>\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n![\"Gravitational](\"https:\/\/www.ancientpages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/gravitationalwaves.jpg\")
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Artist’s impression of merging neutron stars, a source of gravitational waves. Credit: ESO\/L. Cal\u00e7ada\/M. Kornmesser – CC BY 4.0<\/em><\/p>\n
The mechanism was discovered in 1901 by divers exploring a sunken shipwreck near the Aegean island of Antikythera. Although the shoebox-sized mechanism had broken into fragments and eroded, it quickly became clear that it contained a complex series of gears that were unusually intricately tooled.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n